This page focuses on various methods of otrzymywanie alkenów $alkene production$. Several important reactions are discussed:

1. Dehydrogenation of alkanes Example: CH₃-CH₃ → CH₂=CH₂ + H₂ $with CrO₂ catalyst and heat$
2. Partial hydrogenation of alkynes Example: CH≡CH + H₂ → CH₂=CH₂ $with Ni/Pt catalyst$
3. Dehydratacja alkoholi $Dehydration of alcohols$ Highlight: This is an important method for alkene production. Example: CH₃-CH₂OH → CH₂=CH₂ + H₂O $with Al₂O₃ catalyst and heat$
4. Elimination of halogen molecule from dihalogenoalkane Example: CH₂Cl-CH₂Cl + Zn → CH₂=CH₂ + ZnCl₂
5. Reaction of monohaloalkane with potassium hydroxide Vocabulary: Elimination reaction - a reaction where atoms or groups are removed from a molecule to form a double bond.

The page emphasizes the importance of catalysts in determining the reaction products, particularly in the case of alcohol reactions with KOH.

This page details the various reactions that alkenes undergo, highlighting their chemical reactivity due to the presence of the carbon-carbon double bond.

Alkeny reakcje charakterystyczne include:

1. Combustion
2. Addycja alkenów $Addition reactions$ Definition: Addition reactions involve the breaking of the double bond and the addition of atoms or groups to the molecule. Example: CH₂=CH₂ + Br₂ $aq$ → CH₂Br-CH₂Br
3. Reaction with bromine water Highlight: This reaction is characteristic of unsaturated compounds and results in the decolorization of bromine water.
4. Addycja wody do alkenu mechanizm $Addition of water to alkene$ Example: CH₂=CH-CH₃ + H₂O → CH₃-CH$OH$-CH₃

The page also introduces Reguła Zajcewa $Markovnikov's rule$, which predicts the product of addition reactions.

Quote: "According to Markovnikov's rule, hydrogen attaches to the carbon atom with more hydrogen atoms."

This page focuses on two important reactions of alkenes: oxidation and polymerization.

Utlenianie alkenów is discussed in detail:

1. Reaction with potassium permanganate $KMnO₄$ Example: CH₂=CH₂ + 2KMnO₄ + 2KOH → CH₂$OH$-CH₂$OH$ + 2K₂MnO₄

This reaction results in the formation of diols $dihydroxy alcohols$.

Vocabulary: Diol - an alcohol containing two hydroxyl $-OH$ groups.

Polimeryzacja alkenów is introduced as an important industrial process:

Definition: Polymerization is the process of joining single molecules by breaking multiple bonds to form a large macromolecule.

Example: nCH₂=CH₂ → $-CH₂-CH₂-$ₙ $polyethylene$

The page also mentions the polymerization of chloroethene to form polyvinyl chloride $PVC$.

This final page discusses the oxidation of alkenes by atmospheric oxygen and the formation of epoxides.

Highlight: Alkenes react with oxygen in the presence of a silver catalyst to form epoxides.

Example: CH₂=CH₂ + ½O₂ → CH₂-CH₂ $ethylene oxide$ O

The page also covers the hydrolysis of epoxides:

Example: CH₂-CH₂ + H₂O → CH₂$OH$-CH₂$OH$ $1,2-ethanediol or ethylene glycol$ O

This reaction produces diols, which are important industrial chemicals.

Vocabulary: Epoxide - a cyclic ether with a three-membered ring.

The page concludes by emphasizing the importance of these reactions in industrial processes and organic synthesis.

This page introduces alkenes, a class of unsaturated hydrocarbons characterized by at least one carbon-carbon double bond. The properties of ethene, the simplest alkene, are discussed in detail.

Definition: Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

Właściwości alkenów include:

• Presence of at least one double bond $=$
• Carbon atoms at the double bond have sp² hybridization
• Colorless and odorless gas
• Insoluble in water
• Accelerates plant vegetation

The page also introduces the concept of cis-trans isomerism in alkenes, using but-2-ene as an example.

Example: Cis-but-2-ene and trans-but-2-ene are geometric isomers of but-2-ene.

Nomenclature rules for alkenes are briefly mentioned, emphasizing that carbon numbering starts to give the double bond the lowest possible number.

Highlight: The simplest alkene, ethene $CH₂=CH₂$, is also known as ethylene.