Characteristic Reactions
This page details the characteristic reactions of jednofunkcyjne pochodne węglowodorów (monofunctional hydrocarbon derivatives), which are crucial for their identification and understanding their chemical behavior.
Fluorinated hydrocarbons:
• Wurtz reaction (substitution with sodium)
Alcohols:
• Reaction with active metals (K, Na, Mg)
• Esterification with carboxylic acids
• Dehydration to form alkenes
• Reaction with hydrogen halides
Example: The esterification reaction between ethanol and acetic acid: CH₃COOH + CH₃CH₂OH ⇌ CH₃COOCH₂CH₃ + H₂O
Polyhydric alcohols:
• Reaction with Cu(OH)₂ (distinguishing test)
Phenols:
• Ionic dissociation
• Nitration and sulfonation reactions
Aldehydes:
• Reduction to alcohols
• Tollens' test (silver mirror test)
• Fehling's test
• Polymerization
Definition: Tollens' test is a chemical reaction used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones, resulting in the formation of a silver mirror on the test tube.
Ketones:
• Reduction to secondary alcohols
• Do not show reducing properties (negative Tollens' and Fehling's tests)
Carboxylic acids:
• Ionic dissociation in water
• Esterification with alcohols
• Reduction to aldehydes or alcohols
Amines:
• Basic properties (react with acids to form salts)
• Aromatic amines undergo electrophilic substitution reactions
Highlight: Understanding these reactions is essential for success in jednofunkcyjne pochodne węglowodorów sprawdzian nowa era (monofunctional hydrocarbon derivatives New Era test).