The second page of the guide provides a detailed breakdown of the grammatical structures and time expressions associated with each present tense.

Present Simple Structure

• Affirmative: Subject + V $base form$ / V+s/es $for he/she/it$
• Negative: Subject + don't/doesn't + V $base form$

Vocabulary: Common time expressions for Present Simple include "always," "regularly," "usually," "often," "sometimes," "rarely," "seldom," "hardly ever," "never," and "every day/week/month."

Present Continuous Structure

• Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + V+ing
• Negative: Subject + am not/isn't/aren't + V+ing

Example: Time expressions for Present Continuous include "at the moment," "$right$ now," "today," "this morning/afternoon/year," and "these days."

Present Perfect (Simple) Structure

• Affirmative: Subject + have/has + V $past participle$
• Negative: Subject + haven't/hasn't + V $past participle$

Highlight: Key time expressions for Present Perfect include "already," "just" $in affirmative sentences$, "ever" $in questions$, "yet" $in negatives and questions$, "so far," "since" $specifying when an action started$, and "for" $indicating duration$.

Present Perfect Continuous Structure

• Affirmative: Subject + have/has been + V+ing
• Negative: Subject + haven't/hasn't been + V+ing

Definition: The Present Perfect Continuous combines aspects of the Present Perfect and the Continuous aspect, emphasizing both completion and ongoing nature of actions.

This comprehensive guide to czasy teraźniejsze angielski provides students with a solid foundation for understanding and using present tenses in English. By mastering these tenses, learners can significantly improve their ability to communicate effectively in various present-time contexts.

The first page of this guide introduces the four main present tenses in English, detailing their specific uses and contexts. This information is crucial for understanding when and how to apply each tense correctly in communication.

Present Simple

The Present Simple tense is used for various purposes:

• Describing regular actions or habits
• Expressing ownership or possession
• Talking about future events with fixed schedules $e.g., timetables, holidays, TV programs$
• Asking for directions
• Expressing emotions, feelings, and states of mind

Example: We use Present Simple to say "The train leaves at 5 PM every day" when referring to a fixed schedule.

Present Continuous

The Present Continuous tense is employed in the following situations:

• Describing actions happening at the moment of speaking or around the present time
• Talking about ongoing changes $often with comparative adjectives$
• Discussing plans with specific details $time, place$ already determined
• Expressing repeated actions considered annoying, often with adverbs like "constantly," "always," "continually," or "forever"

Highlight: The Present Continuous is particularly useful for describing actions in progress, such as "I am studying for my exam right now."

Present Perfect (Simple)

The Present Perfect Simple tense is used for:

• Describing recent actions with visible results in the present
• Talking about completed actions in the past without specifying when they occurred, but emphasizing how many times they happened
• Describing actions or situations that began in the past and continue to the present
• In constructions like "It's the first/second time..."

Example: "I have visited Paris three times" uses Present Perfect to emphasize the number of occurrences without specifying when.

Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous tense is used to describe:

• Actions that started in the past and continue to the present, emphasizing duration and repetition
• Actions that have been ongoing for some time $either still continuing or just finished$ with directly visible results in the present $which may be unintended or side effects$
• Actions repeating over a period of time

Definition: The Present Perfect Continuous emphasizes the duration or repetitive nature of an action that started in the past and has a connection to the present.