Understanding Reported Speech (Mowa Zależna)
Reported speech, also known as mowa zależna angielski, is used to convey someone's words indirectly without quoting them verbatim. This grammatical concept is essential for effective communication in English.
Key aspects of mowa zależna angielski include:
- Tense changes: Verbs typically shift one tense back in time.
- Time expression adjustments: Words like "now" and "today" change to reflect the past perspective.
- Pronoun modifications: Personal and demonstrative pronouns often need adjustment.
Definition: Mowa zależna angielski is the process of reporting what someone else has said without using their exact words, typically involving grammatical changes to reflect the shift in time and perspective.
The guide emphasizes the importance of understanding the sequence of tenses, which is crucial for correctly forming reported speech. This involves moving the original tense one step back in time relative to the tense used in direct speech.
Highlight: The sequence of tenses is a fundamental concept in mowa zależna angielski, requiring careful attention to maintain the intended meaning of the original statement.
Time expressions undergo specific changes in reported speech:
- "now" becomes "then"
- "ago" changes to "before"
- "next" transforms into "the following" or "the next"
- "today" shifts to "that day"
- "tonight" becomes "that night"
- "tomorrow" changes to "the next day" or "the following day"
- "this week" becomes "that week"
- "next month" transforms into "the month after" or "the following month"
- "yesterday" changes to "the day before" or "the previous day"
- "three days ago" becomes "three days before"
- "last week" shifts to "the week before" or "the previous week"
Example: Direct speech: "I'm leaving tomorrow."
Reported speech: She said (that) she was leaving the next day.
Demonstrative pronouns and adverbs also change in mowa zależna angielski:
- "this" becomes "that"
- "these" changes to "those"
- "here" transforms into "there"
Personal pronouns are adjusted accordingly to maintain the correct perspective in the reported statement.
Vocabulary: Demonstrative pronouns are words used to indicate which person or thing is being referred to, such as "this," "that," "these," and "those."