Reported Speech in English
Reported speech (also known as indirect speech) is used to convey what someone else has said without using their exact words. This grammatical structure involves various changes in tenses, pronouns, and time expressions.
Reported Statements
When reporting statements, the tense of the verb often changes:
Example:
Direct Speech: "I'm cleaning my teeth."
Reported Speech: He said that he was cleaning his teeth.
Reported Questions
Questions in reported speech are introduced by phrases like "asked if" or "asked" followed by the question word:
Example:
Direct Speech: "Are you Polish?"
Reported Speech: She asked me if I was Polish.
Tense Changes in Reported Speech
When reporting speech, tenses typically shift backwards in time:
- Present Simple → Past Simple
- Present Perfect → Past Perfect
- Past Simple → Past Perfect
- Present Continuous → Past Continuous
- Future Simple → Conditional
- Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
Highlight: Modal verbs also change in reported speech. For example, "will" becomes "would," and "can" becomes "could."
Time and Place Expressions in Reported Speech
Time and place expressions often change in reported speech:
- now → then
- here → there
- this → that
- today → that day
- tomorrow → the next day
- yesterday → the day before
Reporting Requests and Commands
Requests and commands in reported speech use the infinitive form:
Example:
Direct Speech: "Can you repeat the question?"
Reported Speech: She asked me to repeat the question.
Example:
Direct Speech: "Don't cheat during the exam."
Reported Speech: She told us not to cheat during the exam.
Understanding reported speech and strona bierna angielski (passive voice) is crucial for effective communication in English, especially in academic and professional contexts.
