Tense Changes and Time Expressions in Reported Speech

This section delves deeper into the specific changes that occur when converting direct speech to reported speech. It's crucial for understanding następstwo czasów angielski tabelka (sequence of tenses English table).

Vocabulary:

• Present Simple → Past Simple
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect
• Past Simple → Past Perfect
• Will → Would
• Can → Could
• May → Might

Time expressions also change to reflect the shift in perspective:

Example:

• "Today" becomes "that day"
• "Tonight" becomes "that night"
• "Tomorrow" becomes "the next day" or "the following day"
• "Yesterday" becomes "the day before" or "the previous day"

Highlight: These changes in tenses and time expressions are essential for maintaining the correct temporal relationship in reported speech.

The page provides a comprehensive list of these changes, which is invaluable for students practicing mowa zależna angielski ćwiczenia (reported speech English exercises).

Reporting Commands, Requests, and the Use of 'That'

This section focuses on specific aspects of reported speech, including how to report commands and requests, and the optional use of 'that' in reported statements.

When reporting commands or requests, the tense doesn't change. Instead, the infinitive form is used:

Example: Direct: She said, "Shut up!" Reported: She told me to shut up.

For negative commands or prohibitions, 'not to' is used:

Example: Direct: The general said, "Don't shoot!" Reported: The general told us not to shoot.

Highlight: The word 'that' is optional in reported statements and doesn't change the meaning of the sentence.

Example: He said he loved me. = He said that he loved me.

This section provides valuable information for students working on mowa zależna pytania (reported speech questions) and reported speech przykłady (reported speech examples).

Reporting Verbs and Their Usage

This page introduces the concept of reporting verbs, which are crucial for accurately conveying the intention behind reported speech. These verbs help to describe what the speaker did when they spoke.

Definition: Reporting verbs are verbs that describe the action of speaking, such as 'say', 'tell', 'ask', 'order', etc.

The page categorizes reporting verbs based on the structures they are used with:

1. Verbs used with 'to' or 'not to':

   • tell, ask, order, advise, beg, command, forbid, instruct, invite, etc.

2. Verbs used with the '-ing' form:

   • accuse of, apologize for, admit to, boast about, complain about, etc.

3. Verbs used with a 'that' clause:

   • agree, claim, complain, deny, explain, promise, suggest, etc.

Example: Direct: "I'll study more." Reported: He promised to study more.

Highlight: Choosing the correct reporting verb can significantly enhance the accuracy and nuance of reported speech.

This section is particularly useful for students practicing mowa zależna angielski przykłady (reported speech English examples) and working on advanced reported speech ćwiczenia (reported speech exercises).

Advanced Reporting Structures

This final section covers more complex reporting structures, providing a deeper understanding of reported speech for advanced learners.

The page introduces various reporting structures using different verbs:

1. Verb + how:

   • explain to someone how

2. Wonder + where/what/why/how + clause:

   • Used when the subject of the introductory verb is not the same as the subject in the reported question.

3. Wonder + whether + to-infinitive or clause:

   • Used when the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the verb.

Example: Direct: "How do I get to the station?" Reported: He wondered how to get to the station.

Highlight: These advanced structures allow for more nuanced and precise reporting of speech, thoughts, and questions.

The page concludes with a comprehensive list of introductory verbs used in reported speech, providing a valuable resource for students working on mowa zależna angielski ćwiczenia (reported speech English exercises) at an advanced level.

This section is particularly useful for mastering complex aspects of reported speech and perfecting mowa zależna angielski (reported speech English) skills.

Page 6: Advanced Reporting Structures

The final page covers advanced aspects of reported speech including complex reporting patterns.

Definition: Complex reporting structures involve multiple clause types and reporting verbs

Example: "Would you like me to carry it?" → He asked if I would like him to carry it

Highlight: Different reporting verbs can change the meaning and implication of the reported speech

Understanding Reported Speech

Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a way of relaying what someone has said without using their exact words. This grammatical concept is essential for effective communication in English.

Definition: Reported speech is a sentence that describes what someone said without quoting them directly.

The structure of reported speech typically involves shifting the tense backwards when reporting something said in the past. For example:

Example: Direct speech: He said, "I love you." Reported speech: He said he loved me.

However, when reporting something that is currently being said, the tense doesn't change:

Example: Direct speech: He says, "I love you." Reported speech: He says he loves me.

Highlight: Understanding tense changes is crucial for mastering reported speech in English.

The page also provides a comprehensive table showing how different tenses and time expressions change in reported speech. This table is an invaluable resource for students learning about mowa zależna angielski tabelka (reported speech English table).