Chemical Properties and Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

The second page delves into the właściwości chemiczne aldehydów i ketonów. Both compound classes are characterized by the reactivity of their carbonyl group, but aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones.

Reakcje charakterystyczne aldehydów i ketonów include:

1. Oxidation reactions: Aldehydes are easily oxidized to carboxylic acids, while ketones resist mild oxidation.
2. Reduction reactions: Both can be reduced to alcohols.
3. Addition reactions: The carbonyl group can undergo nucleophilic addition.

Example: The Tollens' test is a characteristic reaction for aldehydes, producing a silver mirror.

The page also covers specific reactions like the Cannizzaro reaction for aldehydes without α-hydrogens.

Highlight: Ketones can only be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents, breaking carbon-carbon bonds.

Utlenianie ketonów KMnO4 is mentioned as a way to cleave ketones at the carbonyl group, producing carboxylic acids.

Several reaction mechanisms are illustrated, showing electron movements and intermediate steps.

Definition: Nucleophilic addition - a reaction where a nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon.

Applications and Advanced Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

The final page focuses on zastosowanie aldehydów i ketonów as well as some more advanced reactions.

Zastosowanie aldehydów includes:

• Formaldehyde in the production of plastics and resins
• Acetaldehyde as a precursor for acetic acid production

Zastosowanie ketonów covers:

• Acetone as a solvent and in the production of plastics
• Ketones in the pharmaceutical industry

The page details several important reactions:

1. The aldol condensation, forming carbon-carbon bonds
2. Formation of hemiacetals and acetals with alcohols
3. Reaction with ammonia derivatives to form imines and enamines

Example: The reaction of acetaldehyde with ethanol to form a hemiacetal is shown step-by-step.

Jakim reakcjom ulegają aldehydy is further explored, including their tendency to polymerize (e.g., formaldehyde forming paraformaldehyde).

Vocabulary: Hemiacetal - the product of the addition of one molecule of alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone.

The page concludes with some practice problems involving the identification of products from various aldehyde and ketone reactions.

Highlight: The ability of aldehydes and ketones to form addition products with alcohols is crucial in carbohydrate chemistry, explaining the cyclic structures of sugars.