Kwasy Karboksylowe: Acetic Acid and Reactions

This page focuses on kwas octowy $acetic acid$ and its properties, as well as various reactions of carboxylic acids.

Właściwości fizyczne kwasu octowego:

• Colorless liquid
• Soluble in water
• Acidic pH
• Unpleasant odor
• Forms "glacial acetic acid" at lower temperatures

Vocabulary: Glacial acetic acid refers to pure, water-free acetic acid that freezes at a relatively high temperature $16.6°C$.

Otrzymywanie kwasu octowego:

1. Oxidation of ethanol: C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O
2. Oxidation of acetaldehyde: CH3CHO + 2Cu$OH$2 → CH3COOH + Cu2O + 2H2O

Właściwości chemiczne kwasów karboksylowych:

1. Dissociation: CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COO- + H+
2. Neutralization: CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
3. Esterification: CH3COOH + C2H5OH ⇌ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
4. Reaction with metal oxides: CuO + 2CH3COOH → $CH3COO$2Cu + H2O

Example: The reaction of acetic acid with copper$II$ oxide produces copper$II$ acetate, a blue-green salt used in various applications.

The page also includes several problem-solving exercises related to carboxylic acids, demonstrating calculations involving molar mass, volume, and stoichiometry.

Highlight: Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters, a process known as esterification. This reaction is reversible and requires an acid catalyst.

Kwasy Karboksylowe: Benzoic Acid and Problem Solving

This page introduces kwas benzoesowy $benzoic acid$ and provides problem-solving exercises related to carboxylic acids.

Właściwości kwasu benzoesowego:

• White solid
• Slightly soluble in water
• Component of chloroform
• Sublimes from solid to gas

Vocabulary: Sublimation is the process by which a substance transitions directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through the liquid phase.

Otrzymywanie kwasu benzoesowego: The page shows a reaction scheme for the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid.

Reakcje kwasu benzoesowego:

1. Reaction with copper$II$ hydroxide
2. Reaction with silver oxide
3. Neutralization with sodium hydroxide
4. Reaction with sodium metal

Example: The reaction of benzoic acid with sodium hydroxide produces sodium benzoate: C6H5COOH + NaOH → C6H5COONa + H2O

The page concludes with a problem-solving exercise involving the neutralization of an unknown carboxylic acid with sodium hydroxide. The exercise demonstrates how to determine the molecular mass and structural formula of the acid based on the given information.

Highlight: Problem-solving skills in organic chemistry often involve combining stoichiometric calculations with structural analysis to identify unknown compounds.

This comprehensive overview of kwasy karboksylowe provides students with a solid foundation in the structure, properties, synthesis, and reactions of these important organic compounds.

Kwasy Karboksylowe: Structure and Isomerism

Kwasy karboksylowe are organic compounds characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group $-COOH$. This page introduces their general structure and isomerism.

The general formula for carboxylic acids is CnH2n+1COOH, where n represents the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain. Examples include:

• Formic acid $methanoic acid$: HCOOH
• Acetic acid $ethanoic acid$: CH3COOH
• Propanoic acid: CH3CH2COOH
• Butanoic acid: CH3CH2CH2COOH

Isomerism plays a significant role in carboxylic acids. For instance, butanoic acid $CH3CH2CH2COOH$ has an isomer called 2-methylpropanoic acid $CH3CH(CH3$COOH).

Vocabulary: Isomerism refers to the phenomenon where compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

Example: Pentanoic acid $CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH$ can have several isomers, including 2-methylbutanoic acid and 3-methylbutanoic acid.

The page also introduces kwas mrówkowy $formic acid$ and its properties:

Highlight: Formic acid is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor, soluble in water, has an acidic pH, and is the strongest of the carboxylic acids.

The document provides chemical equations for various reactions of formic acid, including:

• Reaction with copper$II$ hydroxide
• Reaction with silver oxide
• Neutralization with sodium hydroxide

Definition: Dissociation is the process by which a compound separates into simpler substances or ions when dissolved in a solvent.