Królestwo Polskie - ustrój i sytuacja społeczno-gospodarcza

Królestwo Polskie było monarchią konstytucyjną połączoną unią personalną z Rosją. Konstytucja Królestwa Polskiego z 1815 roku, opracowana przez Adama Jerzego Czartoryskiego, określała ustrój państwa. Faktyczną władzę sprawował wielki książę Konstanty Romanow, a namiestnikiem był gen. Józef Zajączek. Władzę ustawodawczą sprawował dwuizbowy Sejm składający się z Senatu i Izby Poselskiej.

W sferze gospodarczej kluczową rolę odegrał minister skarbu Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki. Z jego inicjatywy powstał Bank Polski (1828) i Towarzystwo Kredytowe Ziemskie (1825). Rozwijały się okręgi przemysłowe: Łódzki (włókienniczy), Zagłębie Dąbrowskie i Staropolski Okręg Przemysłowy (wydobywcze i hutnicze). W Kielcach utworzono Szkołę Akademiczno-Górniczą.

Example: Przykładem ważnego dzieła inżynierii z tego okresu jest Kanał Augustowski.

W Królestwie działała legalna opozycja parlamentarna (Kaliszanie) oraz nielegalne organizacje spiskowe, jak Towarzystwo Patriotyczne (1821) i Towarzystwo Filomatów.

Highlight: Kluczowe daty to 1815 r. - nadanie konstytucji, 1820 r. - początek konfliktu cara z opozycją, 1825 r. - powstanie Towarzystwa Kredytowego Ziemskiego, 1828 r. - założenie Banku Polskiego.

Powstanie listopadowe - przyczyny, przebieg i skutki

Powstanie listopadowe wybuchło 29 listopada 1830 roku w Warszawie. Główne przyczyny to łamanie konstytucji przez cara, prześladowanie organizacji patriotycznych, wzrost nastrojów antyrosyjskich oraz wieści o rewolucji lipcowej we Francji.

Przebieg powstania listopadowego rozpoczął się od ataku na Belweder. 5 grudnia 1830 r. dyktatorem powstania ogłosił się Józef Chłopicki. 25 stycznia 1831 r. Sejm ogłosił detronizację cara Mikołaja I, a władzę przejął Rząd Narodowy z Adamem Jerzym Czartoryskim na czele.

Example: Ważne bitwy to starcia pod Grochowem (25 lutego 1831) i pod Ostrołęką (26 maja 1831).

Skutki powstania listopadowego były dotkliwe dla Polaków. Obejmowały one:

• Likwidację polskiej armii i konstytucji
• Zamknięcie szkół i uniwersytetów
• Konfiskaty majątków i zsyłki na Syberię
• Emigrację wielu Polaków w obawie przed represjami

Vocabulary: Noc Paskiewiczowa - termin określający okres nasilonych prześladowań mieszkańców Królestwa Kongresowego po upadku powstania.

Highlight: Kluczowe daty to 29 listopada 1830 r. - wybuch powstania, 25 stycznia 1831 r. - detronizacja cara, 1832 r. - wprowadzenie Statutu Organicznego w miejsce konstytucji.

Wielka Emigracja i konspiracja w kraju

Wielka Emigracja była masowym ruchem emigracyjnym polskich elit politycznych i kulturalnych po upadku powstania listopadowego. Około 11 000 osób opuściło ziemie polskie, udając się głównie do Francji, Wielkiej Brytanii, Belgii i innych krajów europejskich.

Definition: Emisariusze - wysłannicy organizacji emigracyjnych wysyłani do zniewolonego kraju w celu podtrzymywania ducha oporu i organizowania konspiracji.

Na emigracji Polacy prowadzili ożywioną działalność polityczną i kulturalną. W 1831 roku w Paryżu powstał Komitet Narodowy Polski, który miał reprezentować interesy polskie na arenie międzynarodowej.

Highlight: Wielka Emigracja odegrała kluczową rolę w kształtowaniu polskiej myśli politycznej i kultury w XIX wieku, mimo fizycznego oddalenia od ojczyzny.

W kraju, mimo represji, rozwijała się konspiracja niepodległościowa. Organizacje podziemne przygotowywały grunt pod kolejne powstania i podtrzymywały ducha narodowego.

Quote: "Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła, kiedy my żyjemy" - słowa Mazurka Dąbrowskiego, który stał się hymnem narodowym, oddają ducha walki Polaków w tym okresie.

p5: Towarzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie | 1832 Paryż | Hotel Lambert | 1833 Paryż | Gromady Ludu Polskiego | 1835 Portsmouth | Młoda Polska | 1834 Berno | Towarzystwo Literackie Polskie | 1832 Paryż | DZIAŁALNOŚĆ KULTURALNA Powstają dzieła literackie: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 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● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Wiosna Ludów na Ziemiach Polskich

Rabacja galicyjska była chłopskim powstaniem przeciwko szlachcie w 1846 roku.

Highlight: Na czele zbuntowanych chłopów stanął Jakub Szela.

Example: Powstanie krakowskie $21-27 lutego 1846$ doprowadziło do utworzenia Rządu Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej.

Kalendarium Wiosny Ludów

Najważniejsze wydarzenia tego okresu to:

• Rabacja galicyjska (1846)
• Powstanie krakowskie $21-27 lutego 1846$
• Zniesienie pańszczyzny w Galicji (22 kwietnia 1848)
• Bitwa pod Miłosławiem (30 kwietnia 1848)

Kultura Polskiego Romantyzmu

Definition: Mesjanizm to koncepcja porównująca Polskę do Chrystusa i jej misji zbawienia ludzkości.

Highlight: Za początek romantyzmu uznaje się wydanie "Ballad i romansów" Adama Mickiewicza w 1822 roku.

Nowy podział ziem polskich po kongresie wiedeńskim

System wiedeński na ziemiach polskich wprowadził nowy podział terytorialny dawnej Rzeczypospolitej. Ziemie polskie zostały podzielone między trzy zaborcze mocarstwa:

1. Królestwo Polskie (zabór rosyjski)
2. Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie (zabór pruski)
3. Galicja (zabór austriacki)
4. Rzeczpospolita Krakowska (wolne miasto)

W zaborze pruskim utworzono autonomiczne Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie obejmujące Wielkopolskę. Namiestnikiem został Antoni Radziwiłł, który mógł zwoływać Sejm Prowincjonalny. Jednocześnie prowadzono tam proces germanizacji. W 1816 roku rozpoczęto proces uwłaszczenia chłopów.

W zaborze austriackim utworzono Królestwo Galicji ze stolicą we Lwowie. Władzę w imieniu cesarza sprawował namiestnik. Ludność Galicji była zróżnicowana narodowościowo i religijnie.

W zaborze rosyjskim utworzono Królestwo Polskie, gdzie bez przeszkód działało polskie sądownictwo, edukacja i administracja. Głównymi ośrodkami polskości stały się Warszawa i Wilno.

Rzeczpospolita Krakowska była niewielkim państwem o ustroju republikańskim, gdzie językiem urzędowym był polski.

Highlight: Kluczowe daty to 1816 r. - początek uwłaszczania chłopów w zaborze pruskim, 1818 r. - nadanie konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Krakowskiej oraz 1848 r. - zniesienie pańszczyzny w Galicji.