Page 3: Nomenclature of Alkanes

This page focuses on the systematic naming of alkanes, particularly branched structures.

To name branched alkanes, follow these steps:

1. Identify the longest carbon chain.
2. Number the carbons in the longest chain.
3. Name and locate the substituents.
4. Write the full name of the alkane.

Highlight: Proper naming of alkanes is essential for clear communication in organic chemistry.

Examples of alkane nomenclature:

1. 2-methylpentane: CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. 3-methylpentane: CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3

More complex examples include:

Example: 4-bromo-5,6-dichloro-3,7-dimethylnonane

Example: 3-chloro-5,5,6-trifluoro-2,3,4,6,7-pentamethyloctane

Example: 2,2-dibromo-6,7-dichloro-4-phenyl-3,3-difluoro-5-methyloctane

These examples demonstrate the application of nomenclature rules to increasingly complex alkane structures.

Vocabulary: Nomenclature is the system of names and terms used in a particular field of study or industry.

Understanding alkane nomenclature is crucial for accurately describing and identifying organic compounds in chemistry.

Page 2: Isomerism in Alkanes

This page delves into the concept of isomerism in alkanes, focusing on structural isomers.

Isomerism in alkanes refers to compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms. This leads to variations in physical and chemical properties.

Definition: Isomerism is the phenomenon of compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

The primary type of isomerism in alkanes is chain isomerism, where molecules differ in the structure of their carbon skeleton.

Example: Butane (CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3) and 2-methylpropane (CH3-CH(CH3)-CH3) are chain isomers.

Alkyl substituents play a crucial role in naming branched alkanes:

• Methyl (CH3-)
• Ethyl (C2H5-)
• Propyl (C3H7-)

Other common substituents include:

• Bromo (Br-)
• Iodo (I-)
• Fluoro (F-)

Vocabulary: Substituents are atoms or groups of atoms that replace hydrogen atoms in the parent hydrocarbon chain.