Page 1: pH and Solution Acidity Fundamentals

This page introduces the concept of pH and solution acidity, explaining the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration [H+] and hydroxide ion concentration [OH-]. It covers the pH scale, acid-base indicators, and key formulas for pH calculations.

Definition: pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14.

The page outlines the three types of solution acidity:

1. Acidic: [H+] > [OH-]
2. Neutral: [H+] = [OH-]
3. Basic: [H+] < [OH-]

Highlight: The formula Kw = [H+] × [OH-] = 10^-14 is crucial for understanding the relationship between hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations in aqueous solutions.

Key formulas for obliczanie pH wzory are presented:

• pH = -log[H+]
• pOH = 14 - pH
• [H+] = 10^-pH
• [OH-] = 10^-pOH

Example: For a neutral solution at 25°C, [H+] = [OH-] = 10^-7 mol/L, resulting in a pH of 7.

The page also introduces acid-base indicators, such as phenolphthalein and methyl orange, which change color based on the solution's pH.

Vocabulary: Wskaźniki kwasowo-zasadowe (acid-base indicators) are chemical compounds that change color depending on the pH of the solution.

Page 2: pH Calculations and Examples

This page focuses on practical applications of pH calculations, providing step-by-step examples for obliczanie pH roztworu zadania.

The page presents several examples of jak obliczyć pH mając stężenie molowe:

a) Given [H+] = 0.1 mol/dm³:

• Calculate pH and pOH
• Solution: pH = -log(0.1) = 1, pOH = 14 - 1 = 13

b) Given [H+] = 0.0001 mol/dm³:

• Calculate pH and pOH
• Solution: pH = -log(0.0001) = 4, pOH = 14 - 4 = 10

c) Given [OH-] = 0.0001 mol/dm³:

• Calculate pH and pOH
• Solution: pOH = -log(0.0001) = 4, pH = 14 - 4 = 10

d) Given [OH-] = 0.01 mol/dm³:

• Calculate [H+] and pH
• Solution: pOH = -log(0.01) = 2, pH = 14 - 2 = 12, [H+] = 10^-12 mol/dm³

Example: For a solution with pH = 12, [OH-] = 10^-2 mol/dm³ and [H+] = 10^-12 mol/dm³.

The page also demonstrates how to calculate ion concentrations from given pH values:

Highlight: To calculate [H+] from pH, use the formula [H+] = 10^-pH. For [OH-], use [OH-] = 10^-pOH, where pOH = 14 - pH.

These examples reinforce the concept of pH + pOH = 14 and provide practical applications for jak obliczyć stężenie jonów H+ in various scenarios.