Page 2: Determining Electronic Shell Configuration

This page demonstrates how to determine the number of electron shells for elements using sodium (Na) as an example, illustrating the relationship between an element's position and its Budowa atomu.

Example: Sodium (Na) is located in period 3, indicating it has three electron shells.

Highlight: The period number directly corresponds to the number of electron shells an element possesses.

Definition: Electronic shells are the energy levels where electrons orbit around an atom's nucleus.

Page 3: Valence Electrons and Group Numbers

The final page explains how to determine valence electrons using group numbers, particularly important for understanding Położenie pierwiastka w układzie okresowym a jego właściwości.

Definition: Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that participate in chemical bonding.

Example: Phosphorus (P), located in group 15, has 5 valence electrons (15-10=5).

Highlight: For groups 13-18, subtract 10 from the group number to find the number of valence electrons. Groups 1-2 follow different rules.

Vocabulary:

• Valence electrons: Electrons in the outermost shell
• Group number: Vertical column number in the periodic table

Page 1: Introduction to the Periodic Table

The first page introduces the Budowa układu okresowego pierwiastków and its fundamental organization. The periodic table arranges all chemical elements according to their increasing atomic number in a systematic tabular format.

Definition: The periodic table (Mendeleev Table) is a systematic arrangement of chemical elements ordered by increasing atomic number.

Highlight: Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, which corresponds to the number of protons in their nuclei.

Vocabulary:

• Atomic number: The number of protons in an atom's nucleus
• Period: Horizontal rows in the periodic table
• Group: Vertical columns in the periodic table