Page 2: Kwasy karboksylowe (Carboxylic Acids)

The second page details carboxylic acids, their structure, and nomenclature. These compounds contain the carboxyl group $-COOH$ and can be classified as monocarboxylic or polycarboxylic acids depending on the number of carboxyl groups present.

Vocabulary: Monocarboxylic acids contain one carboxyl group, while polycarboxylic acids contain multiple carboxyl groups.

Example: Formic acid (HCOOH) and acetic acid (CH₃COOH) are common examples of carboxylic acids.

Definition: The carboxyl group consists of a carbonyl group $C=O$ bonded to a hydroxyl group $-OH$.

Highlight: Carboxylic acids react with active metals to form salts and hydrogen gas, and with copper(II) hydroxide to form copper(II) salts and water.

Page 1: Alcohols and Their Properties

This page introduces jednofunkcyjne pochodne węglowodorów with a focus on alcohols. Alcohols are characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group $-OH$ attached to a carbon chain. The homologous series begins with methanol and continues through ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol.

Vocabulary: Monohydroxy alcohols contain only one hydroxyl group, while polyhydroxy alcohols contain multiple hydroxyl groups.

Example: Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is a colorless, flammable liquid that mixes well with water and has a characteristic odor.

Definition: The general formula for alcohols is CnH₂n+₁OH, where n represents the number of carbon atoms.

Highlight: Glycerol (1,2,3-triol) is an important polyhydroxy alcohol used in various industrial applications.